Experiment 4 : Transport Across Membrane
Objektif
1. to determine the sucrose concentration which is isotonic to potato cells
2. to determine the osmotic pressure of potato cells in atmospheric unit
3. to determine the sodium chloride concentration that cause haemolysis and creanation
Exercise 4.1 : Osmotic pressure of potato cells
Exercise 4.2 : Heamolysis and creanation of blood cells
Must refer to your result because different student showed different result, the intacellular constituent of the erythrocytes is different individually
Questions
1. a) What is the concentration of NaCl for haemolysis to occur?
b) Explain your answer
must refer to your result (less or equal to 0.4%, different student showed different result)
because the solution is clear at that concentration, erythrocytes have burst, therefore no erythrocyte can be seen in that solution
2. a) What is the concentration of NaCl for crenation to occur?
b) Explain your answer
must refer to your result (more or equal to 0.6%, different student showed different result)
because the solution is cloudy, erythrocytes have crenated or shrink.
1. to determine the sucrose concentration which is isotonic to potato cells
2. to determine the osmotic pressure of potato cells in atmospheric unit
3. to determine the sodium chloride concentration that cause haemolysis and creanation
Exercise 4.1 : Osmotic pressure of potato cells
Exercise 4.2 : Heamolysis and creanation of blood cells
 |
| Shrink |
 |
| Swollen |
Questions
1. a) What is the concentration of NaCl for haemolysis to occur?
b) Explain your answer
must refer to your result (less or equal to 0.4%, different student showed different result)
because the solution is clear at that concentration, erythrocytes have burst, therefore no erythrocyte can be seen in that solution
2. a) What is the concentration of NaCl for crenation to occur?
b) Explain your answer
must refer to your result (more or equal to 0.6%, different student showed different result)
because the solution is cloudy, erythrocytes have crenated or shrink.
Cell Devision
Cell Devision
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:
3.1 The concept of cell division
- Explain cell division,
- state the importance of cell division in living organisms.
3.2 The cell cycle
- Explain the stages in cell cycle
3.3 Mitosis
- Describe the four stages of the mitotic cell division.
- Explain the behaviour of the chromosomes at each stage
- Describe briefly the cytokinesis process.
- Compare the cell division in animal and plant.
- State the significance of mitosis.
3.4 Meiosis
- Explain and compare the processes in meiosis I and meiosis II.
- Explain the position and changes of the chromosomes at each stage.
- Define chromatid, synapsis, bivalent, tetrad, chiasma, crossing over and centromere.
- State the significance of meiosis.
- Compare meiosis and mitosis.
Molecules of life
SUBTOPIC :
1.1 Water
1.2 Carbohydrates
1.3 Lipids
1.4 Protein
1.5 Nucleic acids
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:
1.1 Water
(a) Explain the structure of water molecule.
Emphasize on the polarity and the formation of the hydrogen bond.
(b) Describe the properties of water and its importance: universal solvent, low viscosity, high specific
heat capacity, high latent heat of vaporization, high surface tension, maximum density at 4oC.
Adhesive and cohesive forces should be explained for surface tension.
1.2 Carbohydrate
(a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates such as monosaccharides, disaccharides and
polysaccharides. Describe the formation of α-1,4 glycosidic bond. State the types of glycosidic bonds
found.
(b) Describe the formation and breakdown of maltose.
(c) Describe the structures and functions of starch, glycogen and cellulose.
1.3 Lipids
(a) State the types of lipid: fat,oil, phospholipids and steroids.
(b) Describe the structure of fatty acids and glycerols.
(c) Describe the formation and breakdown of triglycerides.
1.4 Proteins Describe the basic structure and classes of amino acids
(a) Explain how amino acids are grouped. 4 groups (polar, non-polar, acidic and basic)
(b) Describe the formation and breakdown of dipeptide.
(c) Explain primary,secondary,tertiary and quaternary levels of proteins and the
types of bonds involved. e.g.: tertiary (myoglobin), quaternary (haemoglobin).
(d) Explain the effect of pH and temperature on the structure of protein.
(e) Classify proteins according to their structure. Classes of protein should be limited to conjugated,
fibrous and globular.
1.5 Nucleic acids
(a) Describe the structure of nucleotide as the basic composition of nucleic acid (DNA and RNA).
(b) Describe the structure of DNA based on the Watson and Crick Model. Emphasise the importance of
3’ and 5’ ends (antiparallel). State the bonds involved.
(c) State the types and function of RNA.
(d) State the differences of DNA and RNA.
1.1 Water
1.2 Carbohydrates
1.3 Lipids
1.4 Protein
1.5 Nucleic acids
1.1 Water
(a) Explain the structure of water molecule.
Emphasize on the polarity and the formation of the hydrogen bond.
(b) Describe the properties of water and its importance: universal solvent, low viscosity, high specific
heat capacity, high latent heat of vaporization, high surface tension, maximum density at 4oC.
Adhesive and cohesive forces should be explained for surface tension.
1.2 Carbohydrate
(a) Describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates such as monosaccharides, disaccharides and
polysaccharides. Describe the formation of α-1,4 glycosidic bond. State the types of glycosidic bonds
found.
(b) Describe the formation and breakdown of maltose.
(c) Describe the structures and functions of starch, glycogen and cellulose.
1.3 Lipids
(a) State the types of lipid: fat,oil, phospholipids and steroids.
(b) Describe the structure of fatty acids and glycerols.
(c) Describe the formation and breakdown of triglycerides.
1.4 Proteins Describe the basic structure and classes of amino acids
(a) Explain how amino acids are grouped. 4 groups (polar, non-polar, acidic and basic)
(b) Describe the formation and breakdown of dipeptide.
(c) Explain primary,secondary,tertiary and quaternary levels of proteins and the
types of bonds involved. e.g.: tertiary (myoglobin), quaternary (haemoglobin).
(d) Explain the effect of pH and temperature on the structure of protein.
(e) Classify proteins according to their structure. Classes of protein should be limited to conjugated,
fibrous and globular.
1.5 Nucleic acids
(a) Describe the structure of nucleotide as the basic composition of nucleic acid (DNA and RNA).
(b) Describe the structure of DNA based on the Watson and Crick Model. Emphasise the importance of
3’ and 5’ ends (antiparallel). State the bonds involved.
(c) State the types and function of RNA.
(d) State the differences of DNA and RNA.
Kembali sebagai Pensyarah Biologi
Saya telah bertugas sebagai Ketua Jabatan Sains dari Oktober 2011 sehingga 16 Mei 2014
Sepanjang tugas sebagai Ketua Jabatan Sains tugas utama saya lebih kepada pengurusan Kepimpinan Akademik maka waktu tersbut saya kurang tumpuan kepada blog ini untuk mencurahkan ilmu biologi matrikulasi.
Bermula 17 Mei 2014 saya kembali bertugas sebagai Pensyarah Biologi DG52 (M), insha Allah saya kembali aktif menulis di sini.
:)
Amran Md Said
Kolej Matrikulasi Pahang.
Sepanjang tugas sebagai Ketua Jabatan Sains tugas utama saya lebih kepada pengurusan Kepimpinan Akademik maka waktu tersbut saya kurang tumpuan kepada blog ini untuk mencurahkan ilmu biologi matrikulasi.
Bermula 17 Mei 2014 saya kembali bertugas sebagai Pensyarah Biologi DG52 (M), insha Allah saya kembali aktif menulis di sini.
:)
Amran Md Said
Kolej Matrikulasi Pahang.
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