At the end of this topic, students should be able to:
7.1 Mutation classification and types
(a) explain mutation.
(b) classify mutation:
i. gene/point mutation
ii. chromosomal mutation
(c) state types of mutation:
i. spontaneous mutation (e.g. non-disjunction)
ii. induced mutation (e.g. exposure to mutagens)
(d) define mutagen.
(e) state types of mutagen:
i. physical (e.g. UV rays and gamma rays)
ii. chemical (e.g. colchicine and ethidium bromide)
7.2 Gene mutation
(a) explain gene/point mutation.
(b) classify gene mutation:
i. base substitution
ii. base insertion
iii. base deletion
iv. base inversion
(c) describe base substitution as point mutation (e.g. sickle cell anaemia).
(d) explain frameshift mutation.
(e) describe base insertion as a frameshift mutation.
(f) describe base deletion as a frameshift mutation.
7.3 Chromosomal mutation
(a) explain chromosomal mutation.
(b) classify chromosomal mutation:
i. chromosomal aberration
ii. chromosomal number alteration
(c) explain chromosomal aberration (structural changes).
(d) state and describe types of chromosomal aberration:
i. translocation
ii. deletion (segmental deletion)
iii. inversion
iv. duplication
(e) explain alteration of chromosome number.
(f) state the types of the alteration:
i. aneuploidy
ii. euploidy/polyploidy
(g) explain aneuploidy.
(h) explain autosomal abnormalities and their effects:
i. Monosomy (monosomy 21)
ii. Trisomy (Down syndrome / trisomy 21)
(i) explain sex chromosomal abnormalities:
i. Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY)
ii. Turner syndrome (45, XO)
(j) explain euploidy/polyploidy:
i. autopolyploidy
ii. allopolyploidy
Tiada ulasan:
Catat Ulasan